Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a critical coenzyme present in all living cells, essential for metabolic processes and cellular function. As a key mediator of redox reactions, NAD+ cycles between its oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states to facilitate electron transfer, supporting ATP production and overall cellular energy metabolism. Beyond its role in bioenergetics, NAD+ is involved in over 500 enzymatic reactions, playing a pivotal role in cellular homeostasis. Emerging research suggests that NAD+ supplementation may enhance muscle function, protect neuronal cells, and mitigate age-related physiological decline, making it a potential target for therapeutic intervention in metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases [1].

In addition to its metabolic functions, NAD+ is integral to DNA repair and gene regulation, primarily through its interactions with sirtuins and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). Sirtuins rely on NAD+ to modulate processes such as DNA repair, gene expression, and cellular stress resistance, contributing to longevity and cellular resilience. PARPs utilize NAD+ to facilitate DNA damage repair and maintain genomic integrity. The decline of NAD+ levels with aging has been linked to impaired mitochondrial function, increased oxidative stress, and genomic instability, highlighting its significance in aging and age-related diseases. Ongoing research continues to explore NAD+-boosting strategies as potential therapeutic approaches for enhancing cellular health and longevity.

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